Global forex sydney level 189
Second, Article 6 1 of the model contract invites the collecting societies to define the territories in which they operate, without giving further detail in that regard. C — Relevant markets 16 The collective management of copyright by means of the model contract covered the following three product markets: first, the provision of copyright administration services to right holders; second, the provision of copyright administration services to other collecting societies; and, third, the grant of licences covering public performance rights to users for exploitation via the internet, satellite and cable retransmission recital 49 to the contested decision.
Since internet transmission activities are not confined to a single EEA country, undertakings in those sectors require multi-territorial licences, which the collecting societies would be able to grant in the absence of the restrictions in the RRAs.
Likewise, for satellite transmission and cable retransmission, any collecting society established within the satellite footprint would be able to grant licences covering the whole of that footprint recitals 60 to 62 to the contested decision. Membership clauses, exclusivity clauses and non-intervention clauses 20 For the purposes of the present case, according to the Commission, first, the membership clause constitutes an infringement of Article 81 1 EC and Article 53 1 of the EEA Agreement recitals to to the contested decision.
Following the observations of certain collecting societies, which maintained that the non-intervention clause does not prevent the grant of direct licences, and in view of the fact that some RRAs had been amended so as to remove that clause, the Commission decided to refrain from taking action in relation to that provision of the model contract recitals to to the contested decision.
Concerted practice relating to the national territorial limitations 23 According to the Commission, the national territorial limitations are the result of a concerted practice that restricts competition recitals and to the contested decision. Thus, the collecting societies substituted cooperation for the risks of competition in order to ensure, to a certain extent, that those limitations would be not only accepted reciprocally by the other collecting societies but also implemented in all the RRAs recitals and to the contested decision.
For the licensing of rights and the collection of royalties, each collecting society is therefore dependent on the other collecting societies and thus at risk of being disciplined if, in the field of online rights, it is unwilling to perpetuate the historical market segmentation recital to the contested decision. In the contested decision, the Commission considers that the abandoning of the Santiago Agreement shows that the collecting societies did coordinate their behaviour as regards the scope of licences for internet use recitals and to the contested decision.
The fact that no change in behaviour occurred with respect to those limitations after the exclusivity clause was removed is an indication of a concerted practice. In that regard, however, the contested decision acknowledges that this is not so where there are other reasons which may show that the market segmentation is the result of individual behaviour recital to the contested decision. In that respect, its argument is based on the Santiago Agreement recitals and to the contested decision.
That directive merely determines the applicable law for the satellite broadcasting of copyright works, which is the law of the EEA country in which the signals carrying the programme are introduced in an uninterrupted chain of communication leading to the satellite and back to earth.
Furthermore, as that directive provides that the act of communication must be regarded as taking place solely in that EEA country, users need a licence only for that country. They could therefore have an interest in mandating one collecting society, with a particularly good record, to grant licences covering a wider territory than that in which it is established, or to mandate more than one collecting society in some regions, in order to increase the distribution of their repertoire and thereby the remuneration of their authors recitals and to the contested decision.
For exploitation via the internet, satellite and cable retransmission, there are technical solutions that make it possible to monitor the licensee even where the licence is used outside the national territory of the collecting society or where the licensee is established outside that territory. The collecting societies have already put in place licensing practices, as evidenced in particular by the grant of direct licences, which demonstrate their capability to monitor uses and users outside their domestic territory.
Furthermore, the current system is not based on the principle of proximity with the licensee, since the territorial limitation of the mandate means that each collecting society grants licences for the use of rights in its territory of activity, irrespective of the residence of the licensee recitals to to the contested decision.
That agreement allows broadcasters whose signals originate in the EEA to approach any collecting society which is a party to that agreement in order to obtain a multi-territorial and multi-repertoire licence authorising Simulcasting broadcasting the simultaneous transmission by radio stations and television channels, via the internet, of sound recordings included in their broadcasts of radio or television signals.
The same applies to another agreement, the Webcasting agreement recital to the contested decision. In that regard, the Commission observes that, if the monitoring carried out without a presence on the spot detected breaches which required legal proceedings or if it were necessary to audit the records on the spot, it would be possible for the collecting society that issued a licence covering a territory different from that of its Member State of establishment to entrust those tasks to another person, such as the local collecting society, which has a presence on the spot and the necessary knowledge of the legal system of the country concerned recitals and to the contested decision.
Covering 5, km2 2, sq mi and having an estimated resident population as at of 2,,, western Sydney has the most multicultural suburbs in the country. The population is predominantly of a working class background, with major employment in the heavy industries and vocational trade. Macarthur Square , a shopping complex in Campbelltown, has become one of the largest shopping complexes in Sydney. Sydney is home to the most high-rise buildings in the nation. Upon his appointment, Governor Lachlan Macquarie set ambitious targets for the architectural design of new construction projects.
The city now has a world heritage listed building, several national heritage listed buildings, and dozens of Commonwealth heritage listed buildings as evidence of the survival of Macquarie's ideals. Mortimer Lewis designed the Australian Museum in Sydney's first tower was Culwulla Chambers on the corner of King Street and Castlereagh Street which topped out at 50 m ft making 12 floors. The Commercial Traveller's Club, located in Martin Place and built in , was of similar height at 10 floors.
The Great Depression had a tangible influence on Sydney's architecture. New structures became more restrained with far less ornamentation than was common before the s. The most notable architectural feat of this period is the Harbour Bridge.
Its steel arch was designed by John Bradfield and completed in A total of 39, tonnes of structural steel span the m 1, ft between Milsons Point and Dawes Point. Since its completion in the city's Opera House has become a World Heritage Site and one of the world's most renowned pieces of Modern design. Utzon was awarded the Pritzker Prize in for his work on the Opera House. An entrance from The Goods Line —a pedestrian pathway and former railway line—is located on the eastern border of the site.
Due to environmental and economic pressures, there has been a noted trend towards denser housing. The Government has announced plans to sell nearly historic public housing properties in the harbourside neighbourhoods of Millers Point, Gloucester Street, and The Rocks.
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